Observation as a research method has to be methodical, narrowly focused and well-documented with a clear goal in mind. It needs to go through the standard processes of validity, reliability, and accuracy tests like any other research technique. The observer has to be aware of exactly what to watch out for and notice. The validity and reliability of observations are enhanced when the same observer makes them frequently.
Observations may be direct or indirect, scheduled or unscheduled, and known or unknown. A more normal view of activity may be observed from unknown, unscheduled, indirect observations such as through a one-way-vision glass. People are known to have committed minor crimes to get a true picture of prison conditions.
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Methods of Recording Observations
Several tools have become widely employed to help in the recording of data gathered through observation. These tools aid in the researcher’s ability to concentrate on certain occurrences, make precise and impartial observations, and organize the data-gathering process.
a. Check-list:
Comprising a pre-made list of objects, the checklist is the most basic gadget. You can select “Yes” or “No” to indicate if the items are there, or you can enter the relevant phrase or number to indicate the kind and quantity of things. Observation recording is made easier and more systematic using this straightforward “laundry list” kind of gadget, which also ensures that significant details about the item or behavior being observed are taken into account.
b. Rating scale:
A rating scale is used for qualitative description of a limited number of aspects of a thing or traits of a person. In this device, the aspects of the thing or the traits of a person are rated on a five or seven-point scale from the highest to the lowest.
c. Scorecard:
The scorecard, which shares some similarities with the rating scale and cheek list, often allows for the evaluation of a sizable number of factors. Furthermore, each feature or element has a preset point value associated with its existence or rating. As a result, a total weighted score based on the scorecard rating may be obtained and applied to the object’s evaluation. Score ratings are widely employed in assessments of schools, communities, construction projects, and textbooks. It is occasionally employed in the process of determining a school’s overall rating.
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